Bill Gates :: essays research papers

Bill Gates We read books for a number of reasons but usually because we want to or we have to. When you pick up a book it falls into one of three types, dependent on whether it is a want to or a have to type of book. First there's the kind of book you pick up and like the look of but then the first chapter is so bad that you have to put it down because you are either too confused by the plot or you discover it has been written in some obscure untranslatable language. The second type is where the first chapter is slightly disappointing but it is worth pursuing so you read on. These books are often the type you recommend to friends although you have only the basic sketch as to what they are about (such as any pulp fiction novel - you've read the story somewhere before but you are on holiday so it is either this or the guide book). The third type of book is a rare breed indeed. This is the book you read and then read and then read some more. It is the type of book that you miss things for. If you like computers and want to know more about them, about the history, and about the most important figure in this industry, then this is definitely "the third type of book." The book that I was able to read was Gates by Stephen Manes and Paul Andrews. It was about how man named Bill Gates became the foundation of computing industry and how he reinvented an industry- and made himself the richest man in America. William (Bill) Gates is the computer industry's youngest billionaire. As president and CEO of Microsoft, he has made several important contributions to the world of technology. Most people would probably picture him as being a computer programmer but not with holding the position of chair and chief executive officer (CEO) of a corporation. Actually, Bill Gates is both a programmer and CEO. To talk about Bill Gates one has to talk about the history of Microsoft. Gates' family was financially well off. His father, William H. Gates II, is a prominent attorney. His mother, Mary, is the director of First Interstate Bank. Early on in life, Gates' parents placed him into Lakeside, an academically challenging private school. While at Lakeside, Gates met his close friend and future business partner Paul Allen. Together they entered the world of programming at Lakeside. It all started on October 28, 1955, in Seattle, Washington, where one of the

Forensic Science Unit Two Text Questions Essay

1. What is a questioned document? Describe at least one example of something that might be a questioned document. – A questioned document is when a handwritten or any other type written document is questioned by its authenticity. A great example would be a passport. 2. What is an exemplar? What are the best types of exemplars? -Exemplars are samples that are authentic that are compared with the document that’s questioned. 3. What are natural variations? Describe how these may happen. -They are small differences that appear repeated samples of someones handwriting. Overtime our handwriting changes because every time we write something our hand changes the way we write. 4. How are stamped signatures different from written signatures? -Stamped signatures are always the same and written signatures change every time that you write them. 5. What are some of the typescript machines that document examiners may have to investigate? Choose one of these machines and describe what document examiners may look for when comparing the machine to a questioned document. Some of the typescript machines are called the Daisy Wheel Printer and the Dox Matrix Printer. A Daisy Wheel Printer is very similar to a ball-head typerwriter. They may look for a disc which is either made up of Plastic or Metal, thats where characters stand out. 1. Why are questioned documents important in forensic science? What is one example of a situation where a questioned document might be an important part of a criminal case? – Questioned Documents are important in Forensic Science because it can help figure out if a signature is Forged or not. For example if somebody steals money through a check, they can check the signature and see if the signature is forged or not which will help know if the check is real or not. 2. What are some of the ways that a document examiner might try to match a questioned document to a specific typewriter? What aspects might they look at? – Some of the ways that a documented examiner might try to match a  questioned document to a specific typewriter would be to match the handwriting,they could also look at different changes made in the handwriting. 3. Imagine that you have been asked to determine whether a signature on a check is authentic or a forgery. What steps would you take in doing this? What aspects would you examine? I would first examine the signature and get a hold of any papers that were signed by the same person and see how many similarities they have and how many differences they have. I would examine every little change that happens. 4. Imagine that you have been asked to determine whether a will written fifty years ago is authentic or a modern-day forgery. How would you go about doing this? What aspects would you examine to help you make your determination? -I would examine the handwriting and I would also use a Daisy Wheel Printer to figure out all of the information. 5. A law enforcement agent is in charge of getting a writing sample from an uncooperative suspect. The agent puts the suspect in a comfortable room and has the person choose from a bunch of pencils and ink pens. The agent takes the questioned document and dictates the information to the suspect, having the suspect write down what she says as she reads from the questioned document. After several paragraphs, the agent stops and has the suspect rewrite the material two more times. What did the agent do wrong in this situation? What did the agent do right? – What the agent did wrong is that he made him write it two or more times because every time that he writes it over again the handwriting changes. What he did do write was make him write everything he says as he dictates the information to the suspect. That way they can see whether the handwriting matches it or not.

Chinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart - 925 Words

Chinua Achebe’s novel Things Fall Apart, is a tale about Okonkwo, erstwhile respected warrior who is troubled by his father’s actions, which causes Okonkwo to make unscrupulous decisions with his life. The novel begins with Okonkwo, an extremely skilled wrestler that was recognized throughout the nine villages especially after he defeated Amalinze the Cat. Okonkwo was tall, massive, and had wide nose that gave him a very severe look. Okonkwo disgraced his father Unoka, because to the fact that he was particularly lazy and profligate person. Unoka was a failure in life for the reason that he was poor, he barely could feed his wife and children. Unoka could not receive help due to the fact that he was a debtor and refused to pay people back. Ogbuefi Ezeudu, a respected elder and powerful orator, announces â€Å"Those sons of wild animals have dared to murder a daughter of Umuofia.† Umuofia was feared by the other villages because of their skilled military. Okonkwo arrives at Mbaino, in a settlement Okonkwo is given a young virgin and a young boy named Ikemefuna because one of Mbaino murdered a girl from Umuofia. Okonkwo is chosen to represent the Umuofia because he’s a vicious warrior. Since Okonkwo fears failure and weakness for the reasons of his father Unoka, Okonkwo ruled his house with an iron fist. Okonkwo becomes a father figure to Ikemefuna who also builds a strong relationship with Okonkwo’s son Nwoye. Ikemefuna lives with Okonkwo and his family for three years until suchShow MoreRelatedChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart1719 Words   |  7 PagesThings fall apart is a classic novel written around the turn of the century, the novel focuses on the protagonist who we can also call a hero, Okonkwo. Okonkwo is a wealthy and respected leader within the Igbo tribe of Umuofia in eastern Nigeria. Strong individual with a passionate belief in all the values and traditions of his people. Chinua Achebe presents Okonkwo as a parti cular kind of tragic protagonist, a great man who carries the fate of his people. Okonkwo is a man who is inflexible andRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart1033 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Chinua Achebe is a famous Nigerian novelist in worldwide. Things fall apart is Chinua Achebe’s first novel published in 1958, the year after Ghana became the first African nation to gain independence. And this novel is one of the first African novels to gain worldwide recognition. (Phil Mongredien, 2010) This novel presents people a story of an African Igbo tribal hero, Okonkwo, from his growth to death. The fate of Okonkwo also indicates the fate of Africa caused by the colonizationRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart883 Words   |  4 Pagesdehumanize the native population and convince themselves that they are helping. Chinua Achebe’s book Things Fall Apart attempts to correct these misguided views of African societies by portraying a more complex culture that values peace, and the art of conversation. Achebe also tries to portray the idea that not all European people they come in contact with are aggressive, and misconstrued in their view of the African societ ies. Achebe tries to show us the value of his society through repeated views into conversationsRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart1410 Words   |  6 PagesTeddy Manfre Ms. Blass ENG 209-001 April 24, 2017 Things Fall Apart In 1958, Chinua Achebe a famous Nigerian author publishes one of his most famous novels Things Fall Apart. The novel takes place in a Nigerian village called Umuofia. During the time that this novel is published Nigeria is being criticized by the Europeans for being uncivilized. In response, Achebe uses his brilliance in this novel to express the valued history of his people to his audience. His focus in the novel is on the pre-colonizedRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart1015 Words   |  5 PagesIn his novel Things Fall Apart, author Chinua Achebe utilizes his distinctive writing style in order to accurately capture the culture and customs of the Igbo people despite writing his story in a foreign language. Five aspects of Achebe’s style that make his writing unique is the straightforward diction present in dialogue, the inclusion of native parables convey Igbo life authentically, the inclusion of native Igbo words and phrases, detailed descriptions of nature and the usage of figurative languageRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart1702 Words   |  7 PagesTitle: Things Fall Apart Biographical information about the author: Chinua Achebe was born in Nigeria in 1930. He had an early career as a radio host, and later became the Senior Research Fellow at the University of Nigeria. After moving to America, he became an English professor at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Achebe has won numerous awards for his poetry and fiction, including the Man Booker prize and Commonwealth Poetry Price. He currently teaches at Bard College. Author: Chinua AchebeRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart Essay1347 Words   |  6 PagesCulture is an Important Element of Society Chinua Achebe is the author of when Things Fall Apart while Joseph Conrad authored Heart of Darkness. Conrad and Achebe set their individual titles in Africa; Achebe is an African writer whereas Conrad is Polish-British. The authors draw strength from their backgrounds to validity the authenticity of their fictional novels. Conrad writes from his experiences in the British and French navies while Achebe uses his African heritage. The theme of culture isRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart1248 Words   |  5 PagesChris Lowndes Ms. Cook A.P.L.C. 21 October 2015 We Are Family: Hardships in One s Family in Things Fall Apart Specific attributes correlate with each other to help create or not create the ideal strong family. However, through those attributes arise conflicts and major disputes. This issue of trying to achieve and create a strong family is of immense importance in one’s life, especially in Chinua Achebe’s, Things Fall Apart, a milestone in African literature. For instance, the father leaves his legacyRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart Essay1682 Words   |  7 Pagescertain degree of the priest class, libation, holidays, creation stories, divine systems of punishments and rewards. In the novel, Things Fall Apart, written by Chinua Achebe, is a story of tragic fall of a protagonist and the Igbo culture. Achebe demonstrates different examples and situations of where an African culture, in the instances of tribal religions, did certain things because of their tradition is and the way they developed into. African cultures pondered life mysteries and articulated theirRead Mo reChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart1314 Words   |  6 PagesChinua Achebe masterpiece â€Å"Things Fall Apart† (1959) is the classic story of Okonkwo, a young man who strives to be revered by his village and family but because of his own internal character flaws meets his own demise. In the Igbo culture, family traditions are an important narrative throughout the novel. Okonkwo, the protagonist character of this story, begins with many attributes of what would be concluded as a hero with his cultural society. He is hard working, a material provider, feared and

Sieze the Day in the Dead Poet Society by Tom Schulman Essay

Through outdoor soccer games and the ripping of textbook pages, John Keating, an English professor, instructs his pupils of the dangers of conformity and the importance to seize the day. In Tom Schulman’s Dead Poet’s Society, the students of Welton Academy, an all-boys preparatory school, quarrel between tradition and individuality. Mr. Keating emphasizes the value of emotions, mystery and imagination through the teaching of romanticism. The realist administration of Welton founded on the pillars of â€Å"tradition, honor, discipline, [and] excellence†, contrast Keating’s passionate teachings. With stringent expectations, the classic film showcases the students’ struggle between satisfying their passions or conforming to society. Through†¦show more content†¦Cameron ends up agreeing to the group, but only because everyone else has joined. In contrast of Cameron, through the character of Neil Perry, the movie explores the Romantic component to the traditionalist teachings of Welton academy. Neil, a passionate, well-liked student, is inspired by Mr. Keating’s teachings and is the first to organize the Dead Poets Society. His Romantic behaviors though begin in the beginning of the film when his father says that he can no longer take school annual. Mr. Perry, Neil’s father who is a static, one-dimensional man who envisions a successful future for his son with a medical degree. Neil disputes his father by saying, â€Å"But Father, I cant. It wouldnt be fair†. The defiant behavior emulates the nonconformity trait of Romantics. He continues to defy Mr. Perry when Neil tries out for a Shakespearean play and doctors a letter of permission. When Todd says to Neil â€Å"You’re not gonna write it,† Neil insouciantly responds, â€Å"Oh yes, I am†. The nonchalant reply further proves Neil’s yearning for individuality. He’s willing to go extremes to break free from his parent ’s and the school’s expectations. In addition to these characters, the character Todd Anderson explores both realism and romanticism. Todd is a new student at Welton Academy. A very shy and disconnected boy, he is the most dynamic out of the entire cast. In the beginning of the film, he is inspired by Mr. Keating’s phase â€Å"Seize the

Gilgamesh a Heros Journey Essay - 1533 Words

2/29/12 Gilgamesh the Hero Gilgamesh, written by David Ferry, illustrates a story about a man who knows everything, but continues to try and learn more. Although Gilgamesh may be arrogant, he still remains a great ruler and commander of Uruk. Throughout the book, the adventures of Gilgamesh fit Joseph Campbell’s idea of the hero’s journey. After analyzing the pieces to the hero’s journey, Gilgamesh is proven to be a true hero because his journey parallels that of the hero’s journey described by Campbell. The latter part of this paper will prove Gilgamesh is a hero using Campbell’s model, by analyzing the pieces of the hero’s journey: separation or departure, the initiation, and the return. The first element of the hero’s†¦show more content†¦Crossing the threshold is the last component of separation or departure. Campbell explains this as leaving a world you know and entering a world that is unknown. In the book, Gilgamesh and Enkidu leave Uruk after visiting Rimat-Ninsun. â€Å"Then from the Seven-Bolt Gate the two departed,/hearing the warnings and blessings of the city† (Ferry 20). As the two companions leave the city they know so well and begin their journey into the land they are unfamiliar with, they cross their threshold. Since all of the elements of separation or departure are met in the beginning of the story, Gilgamesh continues to meet the criteria to be a hero. The second piece needed for a hero’s journey is initiation, which includes the roads of trials, the belly of the whale, meetings, attonement with the father, and the ultimate boon. Gilgamesh’s fight against Huwawa was one of many challenges he had during his journey. â€Å"Then Gilgamesh was afraid, and Enkidu/was afraid, and they entered into the Forest, afraid† (Ferry 26). Just as a hero would act, Gilgamesh didn’t let his fears get the best of him, but instead he entered the Forest to fight Huwawa. Anothe r challenge Gilgamesh faces later in the story is fighting the Twin Dragon Scorpion Beings. When he came to the mountain and saw the monster, fear spread through his body, but he didn’t let it stop him from his goal. â€Å"Terror in the body of Gilgamesh/seized hold of himShow MoreRelatedThe Heros Journey In The Epic Of Gilgamesh And The Matrix1291 Words   |  6 PagesIn all of literature, patterns and stages of the hero’s journey can be seen and identified within every story. Joseph Campbell applied the term â€Å"monomyth† to stories in order to describe basic stages that every hero quest goes through. When Joseph identified these common parts of stories, he helped connect the world of literature and establish recurring characters, actions, and situations. Even when pieces of literature that seem to have no connection to each other are examined, such as The MatrixRead MoreEssay Gilgamesh and John Campbells Heros Journey1778 Words   |  8 PagesWhen readin g Gilgamesh, it is not uncommon for many to relate the tales protagonist to John Campbells theory on the twelve steps of a Heros journey, which characterizes the typical progression of most epic stories. However, I make the claim that, as per Campbells theory, it is not Gilgamesh himself who is the hero of the tale. Rather, Gilgamesh and his ally Enkindu combine to form the single hero of the story, with Enkindu actually meeting most of Campbells criteria. Together, both charactersRead MoreThe Layout of Joseph Campbell’s Hero’s Journey in The Epic of Gilgamesh and The Odyssey550 Words   |  2 PagesJoseph Campbell’s Hero’s Journey can be found through the layout of The Epic of Gilgamesh. Steps from each of the major phases such as the departure, initiation, and return are steps in the epic. Gilgamesh‘s Hero’s journey begins with the call to adventure this is where Gilgamesh tells Enkidu that they are to fight the beast, Humbaba ( 110.131- 136). The call which is refused takes place within Gilgamesh’s dreams that he will fail (117.50-60). The step is not very important due to the face that itRead MoreGilgamesh Heros Journey Analysis1052 Words   |  5 Pages In The Epic of Gilgamesh we see an epic hero, Gilgamesh, rule over the town of Urik. He is a harsh ruler who makes his power known to his people. Shortly after this, he meets his equal in strength, Enkidu, who is a man from nature. Together these two conquer many lands until the gods decide that they are two powerful together, and they kill Enkidu. This loss to Gilgamesh forces him to go out wandering the land looking for answers to immorality. Everything that Gilgamesh does follows the characterRead MoreThe Heros Journey1704 Words   |  7 Pages2014 The Hero’s Journey: Comparing and Contrasting Heroes Joseph Campbell was an American psychologist and mythological researcher. In his lifelong research, Campbell discovered many common patterns running through hero myths and stories from around the world. Years of research lead Campbell to discover several basic stages that almost every hero-quest goes through (no matter what culture the myth is a part of). He calls this common structure â€Å"the monomyth† (Hero’s Journey). The â€Å"hero’s journey†Read More Gilgamesh is a Failure in the Epic of Gilgamesh Essay780 Words   |  4 PagesEpic of Gilgamesh, I have come to realize that Gilgamesh is not a hero, but a failure. His journey does not follow the traditional circular hero’s journey and he does not posses the traits that an admirable hero should have. The first part of the hero’s journey is the call to adventure. This is the voyage that the hero is asked to go on in order to accomplish greater good for human kind. This is the hero’s chance to help his or her community, family or friends by embarking on a long journey and challengingRead MoreThe Hero s Journeys Of Gilgamesh And J.k. Rowling1590 Words   |  7 PagesTHESIS The hero’s journeys of Gilgamesh and J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter series shape the central characters and develop their qualities so they can rise to their station and overcome their difficult tasks along the way. PURPOSE STATEMENT By reviewing textual sources of the Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling and The Gilgamesh, and sources on the monomyth, it can be made clear that the Harry Potter books and the story of Gilgamesh are similar due to their use of the hero’s journey. INTRODUCTIONRead MoreAchilles Heros Journey Essay1117 Words   |  5 PagesJanelle Fanelli Professor Probert ENGL 2800 September 7 2017 Achilles and Gilgamesh on a Journey The two Homeric epics, the Illiad and The Epic of Gilgamesh, both contain a Hero’s Journey. They show the readers a look into heroic life during the time of the Trojan War. Achilles and Gilgamesh’s Heroic Journeys are not identical, however the characteristics and qualities of them is what holds the similarities. The two characters have a compelling outlook on death, and immortality. They seek differentRead MoreArchetypes In The Epic Of Gilgamesh926 Words   |  4 Pagessubconscious understanding. In the Epic of Gilgamesh the main character, Gilgamesh, is an example of a superheroic archetypal hero. He took on an epic quest for everlasting life by following the archetypal steps of a hero’s journey. Through suffering due to tragedy, realizing the nature of his quest, seeking help from a mentor, experiencing failure, and returning home with a companion, Gilgamesh’s story followed the situational archetype of a hero’s journey. A hero is characterized by bravery, strengthRead MoreHeroes and How to Represent Them929 Words   |  4 Pagesself sacrifice† (Vogler, pg. 29). A hero represents an ego which distinct them from the rest of the human race. The journey of many heroes separates them from a family or tribe. They begin a long journey of only wisdom and power which keeps them distant from their home. According to Christopher Vogler, the author of The Writers Journey: Mythic Structure for writers, a hero’s journey requires many inner strength and functions. One of these functions is growth. Growth meaning growing from a young man

University Of Central OklahomaDepartment Of Nursing Essay free essay sample

, Research Paper Nurse? s Attitudes TowardDo Not Resuscitate Orders In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirementsfor Nursing 4522Nursing Research II Presented toAllen Nottingham, R.N. , B.S. ByMeggin BeanJessica BrownellShannon GenzerLeslie LoomanShanna McIntosh April 20, 1998 Table OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1 Background? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1 Theoretical Framework? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . 4 Problem Statement? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 5 Statement of Purpose? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ..5 Research Question? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ..6 Theoretical Definitions? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? .. 6 Operational Definitions? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ..7 II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 9 Introductory Statement? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 9 Conceptual Framework? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ..101. Pre-Conventional Degree? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 112. Conventional Degree? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? .. 173. Post-Conventional Degree? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? .. 21 Summary? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? .24 III. METHODOLOGY? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? .. 26 Introductory Statement? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? .. 26 Research Puting? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . 27 Subjects? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? .. 27 Procedure? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 28 Instrumentality? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? .. 29 Assumptions related to Methodology? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . 31 IV. Reference? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . 32 V. APPENDICES? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . 36 Appendix A? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 36 Appendix B? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 41 Appendix C? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 42 Appendix D? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 43 Appendix E? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 45 Chapter I Introduction Background Many influences such as cultural background, values, ethical motives, and beliefs bring great force to bear upon about every determination a individual must do throughout an mean twenty-four hours whether it be a pick, thought, or action. These influences are used in the formation of attitudes about one? s ego in general, and approximately right or incorrect. We will write a custom essay sample on University Of Central OklahomaDepartment Of Nursing Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page All people have these childhood influences to recognition for our attitudes, picks, thoughts, and even beliefs that are held beloved. Attitudes developed during childhood and throughout life play a cardinal function in the manner people interact with one another, grip crises, or even cover with daily jobs that occur in their lives. These beliefs are cardinal to every human whether they be carpenter, politician, or registered nurse. So intermeshed in our day-to-day lives are these values, that really frequently their function in the determination procedure goes unnoticed. In fact, one can populate their full life and neer have consciousness as to what triggers certain emotions, feelings toward the other sex, or even what drives the way of idea. Yet, they are passed on to every coevals frequently blindly, with every gesture, every arched supercilium, and every faery narrative. The consciousness of their presence is secondary to the demand to hold them. They are the yarn that stitches communities together, brings people to a common land, and gives many a intent for life. Attitudes about decease and deceasing are derived from a womb-to-tomb procedure of sing life and the beliefs about decease that one accepts as their ain. In many civilizations beliefs and issues environing decease are the 1s held dearest and closest to oneself. Many, if non all, civilizations accept that decease is but another measure in the procedure of life. However, differences in how one may take to welcome or evade decease are varied and many. How one chooses to confront decease, what instrumentality, and even where to decease ( when 1 has the pick ) are all affairs of personal penchant. Use of Do Not Resuscitate ( DNR ) orders or thorough steps are besides affairs of penchant ( when there is a life will and these determinations are made in front of clip ) , and these penchants affect many lives runing from friend to caregiver. As a health professional, the nurse must cover with decease and those that are deceasing on an about day-to-day footing. As a nurse, one must be cognizant of his or her ain personal feelings and beliefs sing decease and be prepared to esteem the wants of the patient sing this issue. More frequently, the nurse will be the really individual to transport out a DNR order. This means that the nurse may hold to stand and watch or take the manus of a patient while he or she dies. The determination that a nurse will do will be based on attitudes toward decease and death, every bit good as the very impression of the DNR order. Some nurses may comprehend a DNR order as an easy manner out of expensive medical measures and a direct manus in the decease of the patient, while others may see it as a merciful terminal to a painful and anguished being. When confronted with the legality of DNR orders and the humanity of caring and desiring to continue life, the nurse is frequently confronted with a quandary. The nurse? s determination can be one that can impact h er calling every bit good as the wants of the patient. Whatever the nurse? s feelings are, they must be addressed in order to better function the patient and to guarantee that the patient? s rights and best involvements are at the centre of the concern. By turn toing the nurse? s issues with DNR orders or merely decease itself, the patient benefits from the cognition that the nurse has an apprehension of why he or she may experience a certain manner about a peculiar subject. Understanding of where our values, beliefs, and perceptual experience originate can merely function to, assist us go stronger, more compassionate, and wiser.Researchers of this survey believe that consequences will lend to the already huge organic structure of nursing cognition by presenting an article that when read, may help the readers to look within oneself and find what beliefs, or deficiency of, are regulating their actions. In turn toing this issue, the research workers feel that a nurse will derive valua ble penetration which may assist him or her to better header with the issues environing a patient that is near decease and has a DNR order attached to his or her chart. The research workers will besides present information on the procedure whereby formation of these attitudes or beliefs occurs and in making so will supply beginning from whence alterations and or apprehension of what we believe can be achieved. Furthermore, the research workers believe that the extent to which these findings can be generalized are non merely limited merely to certain floors or sections within a infirmary scene but, are available to everyone with the desire to understand what makes them care about certain issues. Still, these findings can be utile in countries of oncology, paediatricss, gerontologies, and or any country where DNR orders are in topographic point. Besides, these findings can be utile in alleviative, every bit good as healing scenes, within the place wellness community, and the retiremen t community. In general, the research workers hope that this information which may help anyone in their hunt for apprehension of who and what they are, will besides function as a tool to impact a alteration in how those that read this survey handle one another every bit good as what one says and does. Theoretical FrameworkKohlberg? s Theory of Moral Development will be used as a conceptual model for this survey ( Wong, 1995 ) . Kohlberg? s theory consist of three degrees. Within each degree are two distinguishable phases of moral development. Within degree one, the Pre-moral degree, are the phases one and two which province that a individual obeys regulations to forestall penalty or to convey about wages severally. Within Kohlberg? s degree one is Piaget? s phase one of moral logical thinking called Moral Realism from which attitude formation, and attitudes about decease and deceasing are formulated ( Coffey A ; March, 1983 ) .The 2nd Kohlberg degree is known as the Pre-Conventional degree. Within this degree are phases three and four. Stage three addresses the method whereby persons pursue the blessing of others by portraying themselves as good. Stage four provinces that people have regard for authorization and societal order and that people are oriented toward responsibility an d regard for authorization. Besides within this degree is Piaget? s 2nd phase of moral logical thinking called Morality of Cooperation which deals with the manner cooperation is achieved in moral development and its deductions on developing ethical motives and attitudes.The last degree of Kohlberg? s theoretical account is the Post-Conventional degree. Within this degree are the 5th and 6th phases. Stage five references that people are receptive to obeying democratically accepted Torahs and regulations of behaviour, while phase six implies that morality is single scruples. Within this subdivision surveies will be presented that province that nurses map at this degree of Kohlberg? s Theory of Moral Development. It is because of this degree that one can be in touch with the emotions and attitudes that are responsible for how people feel and act sing a specific topic. These actions and the attitudes behind them are the foundations for what makes something right or incorrect ( at least in the head of the individual or individuals involved ) . Kohlberg? s theoretical account will be used to explicate the actions of persons based on the degree of development antecedently stated by the many degrees of Kohlberg? s theoretical account. It has been stated that nurses map at the phase 6 degree that states morality is single scruples. With all the phases holding been laid out rather specifically, a research worker should be really capable of delegating a specific topic to a specific phase of development and besides be able to find with some grade of truth the attitudes held by that individual by the manner a set of inquiries are answered ( Kohlberg, 1969 ) .Problem StatementWhat factors, moral and ethical, influence nurses? attitudes and determinations sing patient attention of a client with DNR orders? Statement of PurposeThe research workers believe that independent variables such as patient demographics, every bit good as physiological facets runing from age and sex to sharp-sightedness and nature of disease will hold an affect on the dependant variable, the nurses? attitude on decease and deceasing. This survey will research the nurses? attitudes about decease and death every bit good as specific issues about DNR orders which may hold deep rooted beginnings and may be affected by assorted factors such as familial wants and cultural issues that are out of the control of the nurse. In this descriptive survey, the research workers will try to add to the huge organic structure of nursing cognition by researching the attitudes that nurses have toward decease and death every bit good as their attitude toward the DNR order itself. The research workers believe that by look intoing the beginnings of one? s values and beliefs the nurse will go a better nurse and a better individual.This penetration into oneself will let the nurse to present better patient attention and develop a sense of who they are and where they come from.Research QuestionWhat factors that affect nurses? attitudes toward decease, the death, and the DNR order can be discovered and identified in a descriptive survey by the usage of a topic specific questionnaire such as a DNR questionnaire? Definition of TermsTheoretical DefinitionsDNR Order: # 8220 ; A note written in the patient record and signed by a qualified, normally senior or go toing physician, teaching the staff of the establishment non to try to revive a peculiar patient in the event of cardiac or respiratory failure. This direction is normally merely given when a individual is so soberly ill that decease is at hand and inevitable # 8221 ; ( Mosby? s Medical A ; Nursing Dictionary, 1996 ) .Attitude: # 8220 ; State of head, behaviour, or behavior sing some affair, as indicating sentiment or aim # 8221 ; ( Britannica World Language Dictionary, 1995 ) .Nurse: # 8220 ; A individual educated and licensed in the pattern of nursing ; one who is concerned with # 8220 ; the diagnosing and intervention of hu man responses to existent or possible wellness jobs # 8221 ; ( American Nurses? Association ) . The pattern of the nurse includes informations aggregation, diagnosing, planning, intervention, and rating with work forces in model of the nurse? s remarkable concern with the individual? s response to the job instead than to the job itself. The concerns of the nurse or therefore broader and less distinct and circumscribed than the traditional concerns of medical specialty. In a concerted participatory relationship with the client or patient, the nurse Acts of the Apostless to advance, keep, or reconstruct the wellness of the individual ; health is the end. A collegial collaborative of relationship with other wellness professionals who portion a mission and a common information base furthers the pattern of nursing. Guided by a human-centered, ethical rules, the nurse patterns in a personal, nurturing, and protective mode that promotes wellness in all ways. The nurse may be a Renaissance man or a specializer and, as a professional, is ethnically and lawfully accountable for the nursing activities performed and for the actions of others to whom the nurse has delegated duty # 8221 ; ( Mosby? s Medical A ; Nursing Dictionary, 1996 ) .Questionnaire: A written or printed signifier consisting a series of inquiries submitted to a figure of individuals in order to obtain informations for a study or study # 8221 ; ( Britanni ca World Language Dictionary, 1995 ) . Operational DefinitionsDNR order: An order made by a doctor ( of one of the three infirmaries involved in the UCO DNR survey ) after audience with household members which entails the deficiency of attempt to resuscitate a patient that has of course ceased to breath or has experienced cardiorespiratory arrest.Attitude: An interior personal feeling toward a certain topic, individual, or doctrine that could be positive or negative held by one or more nurses involved in the UCO descriptive DNR study.Nurse: A alumnus of a 1 ( Accredited Practical Nurse ) , two, or a four twelvemonth, accredited nursing plan, or a alumnus of a certification plan and licensed by any province to pattern as a nurse and presently employed at any one of three metropolitan infirmaries in the Southwestern United States which are presently helping with the UCO DNR research project.Questionnaire: The tool used to determine attitudes and get information about DNR orders from take parting nurses employed at one of th e three Southwestern United States Hospitals involved in the UCO DNR survey. Chapter II Reappraisal of Literature Introductory Statement The Review of Literature has been organized into Kohlberg # 8217 ; s Theory of Moral Development. Kohlberg # 8217 ; s theory was used in this survey because it straight addresses moral development in kids and grownups, and focuses on the grounds an person makes a determination ; instead than the existent morality of their determination. Kohlberg # 8217 ; s Moral Development Theory progresses through three degrees and six phases. The first degree, the Pre-Moral or Pre-Conventional, consists of two phases. Stage one involves penalty and obeisance orientation. Phase two involves instrumental-relativist orientation in which action is taken to fulfill one # 8217 ; s demands. Incorporated into this degree is Piaget # 8217 ; s present one of moral logical thinking, which consists of Moral Realism and attitude formation ( Coffey and March, 1983 ) . At this degree, nurses attitudes begin to explicate in relation to deep frozen beginnings of beliefs and values. Furthermore, these beliefs and values frequently influence nurses attitudes towards Do- non resuscitate ( DNR ) orders. The 2nd degree, The Conventional Level, includes phases three and four. Stage three involves interpersonal harmony, which focuses on persons adhering to a good boy/nice miss morality. Stage four affecting jurisprudence and order orientation provinces that right behaviour is obeying the jurisprudence and following the regulations. This degree includes Piaget # 8217 ; s 2nd phase of moral logical thinking called Morality of Cooperation. As antecedently stated nurses formulate attitudes, nevertheless at this flat ethical consideration takes precedency over the DNR order. The last degree of Kohlberg # 8217 ; s theory is called The Post-Conventional, Autonomous, or Principled Level. This degree consists of phases five and six. Stage five involves societal contract and legalistic orientation, and focuses on adhering to Torahs that protect the public assistance and rights of others. Stage six involves universal/ethical rules. This focuses on the fact that cosmopolitan moral rules are internalized. Nurses are frequently confronted with ethical quandaries due to resistances between their ain scruples of what is right and incorrect and ethical considerations. In retrospect, our Review of Literature has focused on Kohlberg # 8217 ; s Theory of Moral Development which may be the footing for a nurses moral logical thinking. Conceptual Model Moral development is a uninterrupted procedure in which a individual learns to consciously accept right and incorrect, harmonizing to their ain beliefs and values. An person learns throughout childhood a sense of what is right and what is incorrect. Through this, a sense of morality is formed by their behaviour as # 8220 ; good # 8221 ; or # 8220 ; bad # 8221 ; . This is established through wagess and penalties. An single must understand how morality is formed throughout childhood ( Kozier A ; Erb, 1995 ) . A kid? s moral development is extremely influenced by the parent or defender. A kid is rewarded for what a parent or guardian considers good behaviour and punished for what a parent or guardian considers a bad or negative behaviour. Therefore, a kid # 8217 ; s belief of what is right or incorrect is developed by their parent # 8217 ; s disciplinary actions. PRE- CONVENTIONAL LEVEL. Kohlberg developed a construction to organize a theory of moral development. Moral development is a complex procedure, which involves larning what ought to be and what ought non to be done ( Kozier and Erb, 1995 ) . Harmonizing to Kohlberg, moral development progresses through each phase of each degree. Degrees and phases are non ever linked to a peculiar developmental phase, because some individuals progress to a higher degree of moral development that others ( Kozier A ; Erb, 1995 ) . The first phase of the Pre-conventional degree is the Right of actual obeisance to regulations and authorization, avoiding penalty, and non making physical injury ( Kohlberg,1927 ) . This phase takes an egoistic point of position. A individual at this phase does non acknowledge the involvements of others. They do non associate two points of position. Alternatively, they value their ain beliefs. Actions are judged in footings of physical effects instead than in footings of psychological involvements of others ( Kohlberg, 1927 ) . For case, a nurse follows a physician # 8217 ; s orders so as non to be fired, although many nurses may hold conflicting beliefs it is their responsibility to transport out DNR orders. Many legislative acts provide unsusceptibility to wellness attention suppliers who do. Failing to honour an DNR order could take to a battery suit by the patient or his household, and disciplinary action by the Board of Nursing ( Sloan, 1996 ) . Persons map in order to avoid penalty. Rules are sacred and unchangeable, and those who violate regulations must be punished harmonizing to the magnitude of their discourtesies ( Shultz, 1997 ) . Health attention as a profession involves far more ethical rules than possibly any other profession. Nurses, every bit good as other wellness attention professionals with a principle- centered life and pattern, create an internal construction that will assist them systematically run into ethical duties to themselves, patients, households, and communities. Developing a cardinal set of Principles, encourages nurses to use the same set of moralss to themselves every bit good as to their patient ( Moss, 1995 ) . Jezewski ( 1994 ) conducted a survey to depict the struggle that occurs during the procedure of accepting to do-not-resuscitate position and the schemes used by critical attention nurses to try and forestall, minimise, and/or decide these struggles. His survey consisted of a grounded theory design. Twenty-two critical attention nurses practising in upstate New York in urban and rural, net income and non-profit-making infirmaries were involved in the survey. Of the 22 participants, 21 were female and 1 was a male. The age scope was 26-53 old ages old, with a mean of 34 ( + or # 8211 ; 6 old ages ) . Old ages in pattern ranged from 4-31 old ages. Semi-structured, in-depth interviews were used to roll up informations. The interview agenda consisted of open-ended inquiries and were formulated to arouse nurses # 8217 ; experiences in the context of interacting with patients and household members during the procedure of their make up ones minding whether to accept to a DNR position. The information was analyzed with the uninterrupted comparative method of grounded theory. The consequences show that struggle occurred during the procedure of accepting to DNR position. Two major classs of struggle were intrapersonal ( interior struggle in coming to footings with DNR-status determination ) and interpersonal ( struggle that took topographic point between persons involved in accepting to a DNR position ) . Intrapersonal struggle, for the nurses occurred while finding the rightness of DNR order for their patients and coming to footings with the significance of DNR position. Nurses had to come to footings that a DNR order was appropriate or inappropriate for the patient. To make this, the nurse assessed the patient # 8217 ; s physical position in concurrence with quality of life issues, conferred with other wellness attention professionals, and talked with the patient and/or household. It was of import for the nurses to personally decide any struggle about the rightness before they could optimally help patients and households with the determination to accept to DNR position. Interpersonal struggle occurred between household members, patients, and staff. Nurses descriptions of their function were reflective of a civilization agent model integrating protagonism, dialogue, speculation, and sensitiveness to patient? s and household? s demands. They would speak with household members to seek to understand their feelings about accepting to a DNR position. The nurses emphasized the importance of leting clip for household members to come to footings with the patient # 8217 ; s position and the significance of DNR for themselves separately and as a group ( Jezewski, 1994 ) . Attitudes, values, and moralss set the phase for managed attention nursing ( Salladay, 1997 ) . Ajzen and Fishbein ( 1980 ) theorized that human existences base their actions on rational, systematic usage of information ; individuals consider the deductions of their actions before they decide to prosecute in a given behaviour. Attitudes are defined as the individuals rating of the positive or negative effects of the results of specific behaviours or actions taken. Whereas, Behavioral purpose is the reported grade of likeliness that the nurse will execute a certain action ( Ajzen A ; Fishbein, 1980 ) . Nurses must make up ones mind what their ain moral actions ought to be in a state of affairs refering a DNR order. Because of the particular nature of the nurse-client relationship, they must back up and prolong clients and households who are confronting hard moral determinations. On the other manus, nurses must besides back up clients and households who are populating out the determinations made for and about them by others, or themselves. Nurses can do better moral determinations and have a positive attitude to any given state of affairs by believing in progress about their beliefs and values ( Moss, 1995 ) . Schaefer and Tittle ( 1994 ) conducted a survey to research the attitudes and perceptual experiences of registered nurses ( RNs ) and doctors ( MDs ) sing the attention of patients with do-not-resuscitate ( DNR ) orders in the intensive attention units ( ICU ) . Structured interviews were conducted with 20 RNs and MDs from the ICUs of 25 Veterans Administration Hospitals. The questionnaire included four conjectural instances which tested a statement as to who would outdo support the liberty of the patient in doing a DNR determination: ( a ) when the patient is unqualified, ( B ) when the patient is non competent and a close relationship exists with the household, ( degree Celsius ) when the patient is non competent, has no close relationship with household but a curative relationship exists between the doctor and the patient, and ( vitamin D ) when the patient is non competent, has no close relationship with the household but a curative relationship exists between the nurse and the patient. A sum of 226 ( 45.2 % ) questionnaires were received ; 160 ( 70.8 % ) from the RNs and 66 ( 29.2 % ) from MDs. The average age of RNs was 38.4 with a scope of 22-58. The average age of the MDs was 42.4 with a scope of 27-76. The RNs and MDs did non hold who would outdo support patient liberty in any of the four instances ( P

They Probably Know More Than You Think! Essays - Privacy

They Probably Know More Than You Think! They Probably Know More Than You Think! Privacy and freedom are extremely valued in our society, and are to some extent legally guaranteed rights by the constitution. Rapid advances in technology, in conjunction with compelling motives to use this technology to control and exploit aspects of human life in general, as well as the workplace, make urgent the question of what uses of the technology should be permitted. This is a tough questions, but if businesses would realize that their employees are the reason that they stay in business then they would not have to violate the privacy rights of people. Employees and companies need to work together to get past the employer/employee tension that makes employees steal etc..., and employers put up surveillance equipment etc... However there may only be 1 out of 50 employees stealing so does this justify the surveillance or the other 49 (WRAC 420)? What about every day life? Would you want to have lists of everything about you concocted and put on computer databases for the whole world to know? There really is a serious problem with the violation of individual privacy today. From the workplace, to buying a vacuum and becoming part of a mailing list, to the stress that lack of privacy causes people, no one is safe from, big brother. No one likes to have someone sit over them and watch all the time, and no one likes to be watched when they don't even know about it. Without probable cause that one committed a crime no one has the right to deprive the right of privacy to another, whether it be by selling names to a mailing list or cameras watching every move they make while in the office. In the workplace there has been an ongoing battle over what employers may do to monitor employees. The work place isn't a place where you can expect the privacy of your own home. However no one should have to be subjected to having their e-mail read or constantly being monitored by cameras. Westin believes that any business that wants to survive in this service oriented environment is going to have to be concerned about the quality of service that is delivered through the telecommunications and database oriented interface with the consumer (Westin 458). These kinds of surveillance create a stressful situation and are a distracting means of employer surveillance evidence of this in his essay: 43 percent of monitored employees said that they suffered a loss of feeling in their fingers and wrists, while only 27 percent of unmonitored employees complained of high tension as opposed to 67 percent of unmonitored workers (Whalen 436). The damage done by a few corrupt or unprofessional execu tives is far greater than somebody taking a little too long for a coffee break (Whalen 436). In the work place a happy medium should be reached between employer/employee, such as a reward system for honesty and quality work instead of driving employees crazy with unneeded surveillance equipment. The undue stress put on people by new technology is inexcusable. People don't like to feel like they are being looked at, and when they do feel this way it causes stress both psychological and physical (Whalen 436). This really isn't a problem in grocery stores or gas stations where surveillance is needed to keep customers from stealing, but more in the office setting where the employee may feel like Big Brother, is waiting to pounce on even the most minor mistake. This stress that is caused makes employees less productive, and leaves people out and about in everyday life checking their behavior so they won't get caught on tape doing or saying something that could later be misconstrued and held against them. The solution to this is that there need to be limits on how that kind of technology is used, (Whalen 437). Also the stress factor needs to be recognized as the overall negative thing it is and that it should be avoided. How do you feel when you mail order something, and then receive every bit of junk mail that is even closely related to what you ordered? This is only the tip of the iceberg (Glastonbury